日清戦争 ・南京事件・従軍慰安婦・日韓併合・満州事変・日中戦争・東京裁判・GHQ・大東亜戦争(太平洋戦争)・歴史研究関係の書籍を翻訳

『大東亜戦争への道』（展転社）
中村　粲
その２６　第八章　革命支那と共産主義　第１節　混迷支那へ赤い爪牙

１９１９年３月、モスクワで開かれた各国共産党と社会党左派の代表者大会は、レーニンとボルシェビキの発議に従って、共産主義インターナショナル（Communist International）(略称コミンテルン Cominterun、第３インタ―ナショナルともいう)を創りました。レーニンはボルシェビキの指導の下にボルシェビキと全く同一の組織・戦略・戦術をもった世界革命組織をつくったのでした。
第３インターに加盟する各国共産党は２１ヵ条の綱領を承認することを絶対的な必要条件とされ、特に暴力革命とプロレタリアート独裁は不可欠の政策とされました。第３インターは形式的には各国共産党の国際組織でしたが、実質的にはボルシェビキの指導と制圧の下におかれ、ボルシェビキは第３インターを通して各国共産党をその支部としました。かくて、ボルシェビキはソヴィエト政権と第３インターという表裏一体の二つの組織、二つの武器を手に、世界赤化に着手することになったのです。
ドイツの共産化に失敗したボルシェビキが目を東方に転じたとき、そこには辛亥革命が発展せず、混迷を極める支那がありました。支那に接近し、篭絡するためにソ連が用いた手段は、「カラハン宣言」という甘言でした。（カラハンはソヴィエト政府の外務人民委員代理）
１９１９年７月の第一次カラハン宣言は、ソヴィエトは北京議定書を含む中国政府と結んだ過去の条約を廃棄し、ツアーの政府が満洲その他の征服物、東支鉄道、鉱山、森林、金鉱その他中国から奪ったすべてのものを返還する、というそれこそ革命的な宣言でした。翌２０年には第二次宣言を発しましたが、その中では東支鉄道については「ソヴィエト」共和国の必要を適当に尊重して特別条約を結ぶなどと後退した条項が入りましたが、基本的には過去の条約を一切無効とする提言を行いました。
しかし、これは全くの欺瞞宣言にほかなりませんでした。その証拠に、「東支鉄道」は１９３５年にソ連は満州国に売却していますし、最重要ポイントの領土問題では帝政ロシアがかつて愛軍条約（１８５８年）、北京条約（１８６０年）に武力を背景に支那から奪取した広大なアムール地方と沿海州を、それは今に至るも寸土も変換していません。
要するのカラハン宣言は友好のゼスチュアによって支那の対露不信を取り除き、やがて全支那を赤化するための欺瞞に満ちた手口でしかなかったということです。そしてソ連の支那共産化工作は着々と進んでいきます。
・その２６，第８章１節： http://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/Road26.pdf
・　〃　　第８章１節　英訳文： http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road26E.pdf

令和６年３月２９日
「史実を世界に発信する会」 会長　茂木弘道
協力者代表：神奈川大学教授　小山和伸
＊拡散大歓迎

THE ROAD TO THE GREATER EAST ASIAN WAR
Nakamura Akira, Dokkyo University Professor Emeritus
(English Translation: Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact)
Part 26, Chapter 8: Revolutionary China and Communism – 1

In March 1919 a founding congress, held in Moscow, was attended by communist party members and left-wing socialists from nations all over the world. It was there that the Communist International (usually shortened to Comintern), also known as the Third International, was established, in accordance with a proposal from Lenin and the Bolsheviks. It was Lenin’s intention to create a worldwide revolutionary organization under Bolshevik leadership whose members would form identical groups using the same strategy and tactics the world over.

In order to join the Comintern, each nation’s party was required to embrace the party platform, which comprised 21 conditions. Particularly noteworthy is the mention of two indispensable essentials: “propaganda and agitation” and the “dictatorship of proletariat” (Condition 1). The Comintern was formally an international organization to which communist parties of member nations belonged. But total control was in actuality in the hands of the Soviet Communist Party, which considered each nation’s communist party as a subdivision of itself through the Comintern. Consequently, the Soviet Communist Party, armed with two weapons, the Soviet government and the Comintern, two identical organizations, set out to create a communist world.

Having failed to transform Germany into a communist state, the Soviet communists turned their gaze toward the East and zeroed in on China. The Xinhai Revolution seemed to have stalled there and chaos prevailed. The Soviets chose flattery as their bait: the two Karakhan manifestos.

The first manifesto, dated July 1919, proclaimed that all the secret treaties concluded with Japan, China, and the former Allies would be annulled. The Soviet Government then proposed that the Chinese Government start negotiations to annul the treaty of 1896, the Peking Protocol of 1901, and all agreements concluded with Japan between 1907 and 1916. The Soviet Government renounced Tsarist Government conquests that deprived China of Manchuria and other areas. The Soviet Government would return to the Chinese people without compensation of any kind the Chinese Eastern Railway, and all mining concessions, forestry, and gold mines seized from them by the government of Tsars, Kerensky, and other outlaws.

Both Karakhan manifestos were nothing more than sugar-coated poison. For instance, the return of the Chinese Eastern Railways “to the Chinese people without compensation of any kind,” as promised in the first manifesto, was retracted and replaced with a reference to the conclusion of a special treaty relating to the railroad “for needs of the RSFSR,” in the second manifesto. Moreover, when it comes to territorial matters, the main focus of the manifestos, the USSR has yet to return even one square centimeter of Amur region and what is now known as Maritime province, lands wrested away from China by Tsarist Russia via the Convention of Peking (1858) and the Treaty of Aigun (1860), to China.

In any case, the Karakhan manifestos were, pure and simple, deceptive tactics intended to use gestures of friendship to dispel China’s distrust of the Soviets and lay the groundwork for the eventual communization of all China. Soviet efforts to communize China progressed steadily.

URL: https://www.sdh-fact.com/book-article/2195/
PDF: http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road26E.pdf

MOTEKI Hiromichi, Chairman
Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact

『大東亜戦争への道』（展転社）
中村　粲
その２５　第七章　国際協調の幻想　第３節　「現実の支那」の暴状

ワシントン会議主催国のアメリカは、支那における日本の行動を拘束しておくならば、支那はすみやかに近代的な主権国家へ成長を遂げるであろうと楽観的な予想を立てていたのです。しかし、支那の実情はこのような希望的観測を見事に裏切ったのです。
まず軍閥抗争が激しく、１９２２年４月には第一次奉直戦争が行われ、破れた張作霖は満洲に退き、５月に東三省独立宣言を発し、支那はここに事実上３つの政府（北京・広東・奉天）を持つ事態に立ち至ったのです。支那の主権・独立の尊重・領土的行政的保全を謳った９か国条約が調印されてから３か月も経たないうちに、支那は早くにも３つの政権が分立したのです。ワシントン会議が夢見た「あるべき支那」は、支那自身によって、幻想たることが証明されたわけです。
１９２３年５月に発生した臨城事件は、当時の支那政府、軍がどのようなものかを象徴する事件でした。土匪が列車を襲撃し、外国人二十余名ほか旅客３００余人を拉致、近くの山塞に立てこもり、支那政府に対して土匪団の正規軍への改編策を要求しました。これに対して政府は同匪団中、銃器を有する２０００余人を改編して正規旅団として匪首以下に軍職を与え、その他匪賊には旅費を給し、且つ絶対に討伐しない旨の保障迄与えて人質全員を解放せしめました。正規軍と匪賊がほとんど差のない状況だからこそこんな処置がなされたのでした。
満州が事実上独立していたことを示す事件が、ソ連と北京政府との間に１９２４年５月に結ばれた東支鉄道のソ支共同運営の協定をめぐって起きました。９月になると奉天政府がソ支協定と事実上同一の協定をソ連との間に締結したのです。これは満洲の張作霖政府が中央政府から独立した政府であることをソ連が認めたことを意味するものです。
１９２５年１０月に「北京関税特別会議」が１３か国が参加して開催されました。支那側では、ナショナリズムの高潮に乗って、この会議で一挙に関税自主権の回復を図らんと画策しましたが、英国は勿論ワシントン会議で支那の国権回復の要求を一般的には支持してきた米国でさえこの要求には即座に賛成しませんでした。支那がまず内戦を終結し、外国人の生命財産の保護を全うし、統一ある独立国家推しての体制が整ったときに初めてこの問題は列国によって討議さるべきとしていました。日本は支那の関税自主権回復の要望を支持しました。すでにワシントン会議では普通品に対し２分５厘、奢侈品に対し、５分の不可税率を取り決めていましたが、関税会議で支那側は斯かる低率に満足せず、はるかに高い付加税を要求したため日本政府は受け入れない立場となりました。
会議は難航し、１９２６年４月、クーデタによって段祺瑞政権が瓦解し、北京が完全に無政府状態になった結果、会議は正統政府が樹立されるまで無期延期されることになりました。
治外法権委員会においても１９２６年９月に作成した報告書で、支那における治外法権撤廃は、統一した法律制度とか、法権の軍権・行政権からの独立とか、近代的法廷制度の確立とかが完備したうえで、初めて考慮されると結論付けました。
・その２５，第７章３節：http://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/Road25.pdf
・　〃　　第７章３節　英訳文： http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road25E.pdf

令和６年３月２９日
「史実を世界に発信する会」 会長　茂木弘道
協力者代表：神奈川大学教授　小山和伸
＊拡散大歓迎

THE ROAD TO THE GREATER EAST ASIAN WAR
Nakamura Akira, Dokkyo University Professor Emeritus
(English Translation: Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact)
Part 25, Chapter 7: The Illusion of International Cooperation – 3

The US, the host nation of the Washington Conference, had embraced an extremely optimistic presumption, i.e., if constraints were placed on Japanese activities there, China would suddenly transform itself into a modern sovereign nation. But post-Washington-Conference China, the “real” China, tore that rose-colored forecast to shreds.

The warlords were battling fiercely. In April 1922 the first Zhili-Fengtian War was fought. Wu Peifu of the Jilin militia defeated Zhang Zuolin’s Fengtian militia; Zhang fled to Manchuria. But in May, the undaunted Zhang issued a declaration of independence in connection with the three eastern provinces that comprise Manchuria. At this point China had three governments (one in Beijing, another in Guandong, and the third in Fengtian). Less than three months after the Nine-Power Treaty was signed in Washington, China had unraveled into three regimes. The “ideal China” that Washington Conference had envisioned proved to be a delusion, one of China’s own making.

Manchuria’s de facto independence: On May 31, 1924 two treaties between China and the USSR were signed: (1) the Sino-Soviet Agreement on General Principles for the Settlement of the Questions Between the Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Republics, and (2) Agreement for Provisional Management of the Chinese Eastern Railway. However, in September of the same year, Zhang Zuolin’s Fengtian government concluded an identical agreement with the Soviets pertaining to operation of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The fact that Zhang Zuolin’s Fengtian government signed an agreement exactly the same as that signed between China and the USSR tells us that Zhang was stating, in no uncertain terms, that the three eastern provinces (Manchuria) were independent of China.

The Special Conference on the Chinese Customs Tariff commence was held in October, 1926 in Beijing with 13 nations participating. The Chinese delegation, intoxicated by nationalistic fervor, was scheming to restore tariff autonomy in one fell swoop at this conference. But neither the UK nor the US, which had in principle supported Chinese demands for the restoration of Chinese national sovereignty at the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference, had any intention of agreeing immediately to the new Chinese demands. The UK delegation stated that they were opposed to the Western Powers’ addressing this topic until China had quelled internecine warfare. Japan approached the conference with a plan that agreed with the desires of the Chinese for tariff autonomy. The conference seemed about to dissolve any number of times. Then, in April 1926, the government led by Duan Qirui collapsed because of a coup d’état, and Beijing plunged into anarchy. On July 3 the conference was postponed until such time as a legitimate government was established in China.

The Commission on Extraterritoriality in China issued a report in September 1926, stating that it could not relinquish extraterritoriality until China established “a unified system of laws, judicial independence from military authorities and exclusive branches of government, and extension of system of modern courts, prisons, and detention houses.”

URL: https://www.sdh-fact.com/book-article/2186/
PDF: http://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road25E.pdf

MOTEKI Hiromichi, Chairman
Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact

「慰安婦性奴隷説」論破本　日韓米で発刊

戦前、日本軍が朝鮮人女性を強制的に性奴隷にしていたという慰安婦性奴隷説を学術的、実証的に論破したハーバード大学ロースクールのマークラムザイヤー教授の著書が、日韓米の３言語で出版されました。２月１９日東京・内幸町のプレスセンターで国際歴史論戦研究所が記者会見で発表しました。
性奴隷説は朝日新聞が故吉田清治の言説に基づいて拡散しましたが、吉田説の嘘が明らかになり朝日も官憲記事をすべて取り消しました。日本ではその誤りが広く認識されていますが、韓国や米国など海外では依然として固く信じられています。そのためラムザイヤー氏の論文は、韓国や米国で強い批判がなされました。
ラムザイヤー氏はオンラインで記者会見に出席。米国ではいまだに「学問の自由、表現の自由が不寛容で偏狭性が高く、事実を認めようとしない」現実があることを伝えました。英語版の共著者ジェイソン・モーガン麗澤大学准教授は「米国はいつまで出版物の検閲制度を続けるのか」と批判しました。
・ジェイソン・モーガンン准教授　スピーチ
https://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/Morgan.pdf

日本語版論文集『慰安費性奴隷説をラムザイヤー教授が完全論破』を編訳した藤岡信勝元東京大学教授は「論文が出されて以来、３年間にわたる非難の嵐の中でも、論文の根幹にかかわる批判は一つもなかった」と指摘し、「ラムザイヤー教授の勝利宣言をしたい」と語りました。一方で、慰安婦の強制性を認めた「河野談話（１９９３年）」に象徴される外務省・日本政府の問題を指摘しました。
・藤岡信勝教授　スピーチ
https://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/Fujioka.pdf

韓国語版論文集の翻訳者で落星台経済研究所の李宇衍（イ・ウヨン）研究委員は「完韓国人は慰安婦強制連行説に篭絡され、強制連行説を否定すれば刑事罰を受ける」現状を嘆きました。
・李宇衍落星台経済研究所経済研究所研究委員　スピーチ
https://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/LeeK.pdf

３著書は次の通りです。
https://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/3books.pdf

令和６年３月１日　「史実を世界に発信する会」 茂木弘道　拝

“Mr. Ramseyer’s vicry” says Mr. Fujiwara Nobukatsu
Books completely refuting the theory of the comfort women being sex slaves published in Japan, South Korea and the United States

Professor Mark Ramseyer of Harvard Law School has completely refuted, academically and empirically, the theory that before the war, the Japanese military forcibly took Korean women as comfort women and made them sex slaves. A press conference to report that Professor Ramseyer’s books were published in Japan, South Korea and the United States was held on February 19 at Nippon Press Center at Uchisaiwai-cho, Tokyo.
The theory that the comfort women were sex slaves was disseminated by The Asahi Newspaper based on Yoshida Seiji’s story. However, Yoshida’s story turned out to be false and The Asahi cancelled all related articles. Although the fault of the sex slave theory is widely recognized in Japan, the fallacy is firmly believed to be true in South Korea and the United States. Due to these circumstances, Mr. Ramseyer’s paper was exposed to harsh criticism.
Mr. Ramseyer joined the press conference online. The fault of the forced abduction came to be widely known in Japan, but in the United States, he said, “Academic freedom and freedom of expression still suffer intolerance and people are highly narrow-minded.” Mr. Jason Morgan, associate professor at Reitaku University and the co-author of the English version book, said, “Alas, until when will the United States keep censoring publications?”
*Mr. Jason Morgan’s speech: https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/MorganE.pdf
Mr. Fujioka Nobukatsu, former Professor at The University of Tokyo, who compiled and translated Professor Ramseyer’s papers into the Japanese version of the book, “Complete Refutation by Prof. Ramseyer,” said, “Despite a barrage of criticism over the past three years, not a single criticism appeared against the logical foundation of Professor Ramseyer’s papers,” and “We would like to proudly declare Professor Ramseyer’s victory.” On the other hand, he mentioned that the efforts made by the Japanese Foreign Ministry and the Japanese Government were not enough, as symbolically shown by the “Kono statement” (1993) that acknowledged the alleged forced abduction of comfort women .
*Mr. Fujioka Nobukatsu’s speech: https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/FujiokaE.pdf
The translator of the Korean version of the book, Mr. Lee Wooyoun of the Naksungdae Institute of Economic Research deplored the present circumstances in South Korea, saying “Korean people are deceived into believing the theory of forced abduction of comfort women and subjected to criminal charges if they should deny the theory.” He said that it would probably take several more decades to have the truth about the comfort women issue established as the national consensus.
*Mr. Lee Wooyoun’s Speech: https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/LeeE.pdf
Reference:
The Comfort Women Hoax:
A fake Memoir, North Korean Spies, and Hit Squads in Academic Swamp
By Mark Ramseyer, Jason Morgan
Published by Encounter Books
The Comfort Women Hoax: A Fake Memoir, North Korean Spies, and Hit Squads in the Academic Swamp: Ramseyer, J. Mark, Morgan, Jason M.: 9781641773454: Amazon.com: Books

Professor Ramseyer Completely Refutes the Fake Statement that
“The Comfort Women Were Sex Slaves”
―　Prostitutes/Comfort Women All Signed Contract of Indenture Agreement ―
By J. Mark Ramseyer
Edited & translated by Fujioka Nobukatu and Yamamoto Yumiko;
Translated by Fujiki Shunichi, Yano Yoshiyuki, and Moteki Hiromichi
Published by Heart Shuppan, Inc.
CONTENTS
Prologue: Scholars’ Crazy Attack on Ramseyer and Its Background
The 1st paper: Indentured Prostitution in Imperial Japan: Credible Commitment in the Commercial Sex Industry (1993)
The 2nd Paper: Comfort Women and Professors (2019)
The 3rd Paper: Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War (2021)
The 4th Paper: Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War: A Response to My Critics (2022)

Harvard University Professor Reveals the Truth of the Comfort Women:
CONTRACTING FOR SEX IN THE PACIFIC WAR
By J. Mark Ramseyer and Arima Tetsuo
Translated by Lew Seok-Choon and Lee Woo-yeon
Published by Media Watch Publishers Inc.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Indentured Prostitution in Imperial Japan: Credible Commitment in the Commercial Sex Industry (1993)
Chapter 2: Comfort Women and Professors (2019)
Chapter 3: Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War
Chapter 4: Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War: A Response to My Critics
Chapter 5: The Comfort Women Issue: Connection with North Korea

『大東亜戦争への道』（展転社）
中村　粲
その２４　第七章　国際協調の幻想　第２節　外蒙の赤化

ワシントン会議が開かれた１９２１年７月、ソヴィエト・ロシアの軍隊は白系ロシア人追撃に名を借りて、外蒙古に侵入、傀儡の蒙古人民党を利用して「蒙古人民革命政府」を樹立しました。１１月５日、ソ連・外蒙間に修好条約が締結されましたが、これは「蒙古政府はソヴィエト市民に対し蒙古における土地所有権を許与し、ロシアの費用を以て建築せられるべき建築物・鉄道に必要なる土地を占有せしめ、かつ最恵国人民に許与すべき一切の権限を与えると」として、帝政ロシアと変わらぬ特権をロシアに与えていました。
翌年これを知った、中国外交部はソヴィエト政府に対して「帝政ロシア政府が支那政府と結んだ一切の条約を無効とみなし、支那より獲得する一切の租借を放棄するとのカラハン宣言を食言するものであり、旧帝政政府の政策と何ら選ぶところはない。蒙古は支那版図の一部である。」と抗議しました。
ソヴィエト政府が外蒙への侵略を行ったのは、まさしく日本のシベリア出兵が米国の疑惑を招き、国際世論の師団を受けつつあったのと時期を同じくしていました。米国は赤色勢力の極東侵入を防止するために日本が行ったシベリア出兵に対しては猜疑と批判の目を向けつつも、その間ソヴィエトが外蒙に対して行いつつあった侵略と赤化に対してはその恐るべき意味を理解せず、一言の批判も加えることもせず、まして、これの防止を図るべく何等の措置も講じようとしなかったのです。
カラハン宣言（第２次）を出した翌年のこれを全く無視した中国領土であるはずの外蒙を衛星国化した事実があるのもかかわらず、孫文がソヴィエトの革命外交を評価して国共合作を行った（１９２４年）は、にわかに信じがたいことです。共産主義に見事騙されていたということでしょうか。
また、ワシントン会議における中国の主権尊重決議も外蒙のソヴィエト衛星国化に何もできなかったことも忘れることができません。

・その２４，第７章２節　日本語原文： https://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/Road24.pdf
・　〃　　第７章２節　英訳文： https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road24E.pdf

令和６年２月２２日
「史実を世界に発信する会」 会長　茂木弘道
協力者代表：神奈川大学教授　小山和伸
＊拡散大歓迎

THE ROAD TO THE GREATER EAST ASIAN WAR
Nakamura Akira, Dokkyo University Professor Emeritus
(English Translation: Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact)
Part 24, Chapter 7: The Illusion of International Cooperation – 2

When the Washington Conference began in January 1921, Soviet Rusian troops invaded Outer Mongolia, ostensibly in pursuit of Whtie Russians. The Soviets manipulated their puppet organization, the Mongolian People’s Party, to form the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary government.

On November 5, 1921 the Soviet Russia and Outer Mongolia Concluded the Agreement concluded the Agreement Regarding the Establishment of Friendly Relations. According to that agreement, “[t]he People’s Government of Mongolia declares that it recognizes in respect of Russian citizens possessing in Mongolia plots of land or buildings the same rights of possession, lease and occupation of building plots, and that it will apply the same methods of exacting taxation, rents and other payments in the same proportions as are recognized or applied, or shall be recognized and applied, in respect of citizens of the most favored State.”

The Mongolians were granting the exact same privileges to the Soviet Russia saterization of Outer Mongolia.as they had to Imperial Russia. The November 5 agreement was kept secret for a time. When it was made public in the spring of 1922, the Chinese Foreign Ministry sent a protest to the Soviets, which maintained that the Soviet government had broken the promises made to the Chinese government in a manifesto issued by Deputy Foreign Commissar Lev Karakhan, 1.e., that “all previous treaties made between Russian Government and China shall be bull and void, that the Soviet Government will unconditionally and forever return what has been forcibly seized from China by the former Imperial Russian Government and the Bourgeoisie.

Japan’s Siberian Expedition was practically coincidental with Soviet intrusion into Outer Mongolia. Though the objective of Japan’s mission in sending troops to Siberia was to prevent the infiltration of communist forces into the Far East, the US viewed it with jaundiced eye, and Japan soon became the target of international criticism. The Americans failed to comprehend the terrible significance of the invasion and communization of Outer Mongolia. They uttered not one word of criticism against the Soviets; o make the matter worse, they did not even attempt to check the Soviet menace.

Despite the fact that the Soviets satellited the Chinese territory Outer Mongolia only two years after manifesto was declared by Karakhan, Sun Wen decided to conduct “Kuomintang-Communist collaboration evaluation the Soviets’ diplomatic revolution policy. He was completely betrayed by the communist maneuver.

URL: https://www.sdh-fact.com/book-article/2163/
PDF: https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road24E.pdf

MOTEKI Hiromichi, Chairman
Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact

『大東亜戦争への道』（展転社）
中村　粲
その２３　第七章　国際協調の幻想　第１節　排日の軌跡

ワシントン会議は第一次大戦後の平和主義や国際協調をつくったものと見られていますが、その２年後の１９２４年にアメリカで排日移民法が成立したという事実は、その見方が幻想に過ぎないことを明白に示しています。
移民問題に対しては、日本は日米紳士協定によって、労働移民を禁止して対応してきました。ところが、１９１３年カリフォルニア州議会は、日本人の土地所有権を禁止し、且つ借地権を３か年に制限する法案を可決しました。１９２０年にはカリフォルニア土地法が成立し、「帰化不能外国人」には土地所有権のみならず３年間の借地権も禁止されることになりました。１９２１年には米国大審院が日本人は帰化による市民権獲得の資格なし（帰化不能）と最終判決を下しました。翌年これは全ての東洋人に適用されることになりました。
第一次大戦後、欧州、東欧、南欧諸国よりの移民が激増するに及び、１９２１年アメリカ議会は如何なる国民たるを問わず、１か年の入国者数を１９１０年に米国に居住していた外国生まれの各国民の３％に制限する法律を制定しました。１９２３年にアルバート・ジョンソン議員は、その比率を２％にするとともに、帰化不能外国人移民は再渡航者、布教使、大学教授又は学術的職業に従事する者並びにその妻子及び学生を除くの他、入国を禁止するという法案を提出したのです。
この明らかな日本人排斥法案を阻止するために、埴原正直大使はヒューズ国務長官と会談し、これは日米通商条約及び日米紳士協定と矛盾する条項を含んでいること、日本国民の自尊心を傷つけるものであり、文明諸国間の友誼的国交の基調に関わるものであることを訴えました。ヒューズ国務長官もジョンソン議員あての書簡で「①帰化不能外国人の入国を禁止することは、日本商人の入国を不可能ならしめるもので、日米通商条約に違反する、②帰化不能外国人に対する規定は単に日本人のみを目的とするものではないと弁明するのは、無益である。なぜなら支那人排斥も、他のアジア人に適用すべき移民法の規定もすでに存在しているので、帰化不能外国人の入国禁止条項は実際上、日本人のみの排斥を目標とすることになる。」とその不当性を述べています。しかし、下院も上院もこの「排日移民法」を賛成多数で可決したのでした。
日本で起こった反米世論の高まりはすさまじいものでした。東京所在の新聞１５社は排日法案の不正不義を断じ、共同声明を発表しました。憤った４０歳前後の男（身元確認できず）はアメリカ大使館近くで、「米国民に訴える」「日本国民同胞に与譜」との遺書を残し、割腹自殺を遂げたのでした。
１９２４年は、対日作戦計画であるオレンジ計画が確定された年でもありました。ワシントン会議によって軍備強化を凍結された西太平洋における対日作戦計画「陸海軍統合作戦計画―オレンジ」が作成されたのは、１９２４年だったのです。
ワシントン会議で日本が国際協調に協力した結果はこのような結果となったわけです。

・その２３，第７章１節　日本語原文： https://hassin.org/01/wp-content/uploads/Road23.pdf
・　〃　　第７章１節　英訳文： https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road23E.pdf

令和６年１月１９日
「史実を世界に発信する会」 会長　茂木弘道
協力者代表：神奈川大学教授　小山和伸
＊拡散大歓迎

THE ROAD TO THE GREATER EAST ASIAN WAR
Nakamura Akira, Dokkyo University Professor Emeritus
(English Translation: Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact)
Part 3, Chapter 7: The Illusion of International Cooperation – 1

The Washington Naval Conference is generally perceived as a symbol of the tendency toward pacifism and international cooperation that followed the First World War. However, one conspicuous manifestation of the disintegration of the spirit of international cooperation as preached at the Washington Conference was the enactment of an anti-Japanese immigration law two years afterward, in 1924.
To help resolve the immigration problem, Japan complied with the Gentlemen’s Agreement, prohibiting laborers from entering the US. However, in 1913 the California State Legislature passed the California Alien Land Law, which prevented Japanese from owning land, and limited the period for which they could lease land to three years. In 1920, the California Alien Land Law became more draconian, not only preventing foreigners ineligible for US citizenship from owning land, but also from leasing land for any period of time. On November 13, 1922 the US Supreme Court reached a unanimous judgement to the effect that Japanese were ineligible for naturalization (obtaining US citizenship). The following year, this ruling was applied to all Asians.
After World War I ended, Europe suffered a recession, which brought about a sudden increase in immigrants from eastern and southern Europe seeking entry into the US. The US Congress enacted the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This statute limited the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of foreign-born persons of such nationality resident in the US according to the 1910 census. In December 1923, Rep. Albert Johnson, of Washington submitted a bill to the House of Representatives, whereby aliens “ineligible to citizenship” would be prohibited from entering the US.
To block the proposed bill, manifestly anti-Japanese in intent, Ambassador Hanihara Masanao, representing the Japanese government, conferred with Secretary of State Charles Hughes. Hanihara brought to Hughes’ attention the fact that Johnson’s bill contained language that contradicted the 1911 Japan-US Treaty of Commerce and Navigation. Then Foreign Minister Ijūin Hikokichi instructed Hanihara to confer with Hughes to discuss the following points:

(1) The anti-Japanese immigration bill contradicts the Japan-US Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, signed in 1911.
(2) Claims have been made to the effect that restrictions on immigration are applied equally to other Asians. However, within existing immigration statutes, limitations on the immigration of Asians have been imposed. Therefore, the new immigration legislation is intended specifically to discriminate against the Japanese.
(3) The discriminatory provisions in the new bill have, in an instant, destroyed policies that the Japanese government has self-sacrificingly implemented for many years by revising treaties, adhering scrupulously to the Gentlemen’s Agreement.
(4) Normally, suitability to become a citizen of a particular nation should be determined on a particular individual’s merits, not on the individual’s race. Deciding arbitrarily that Japanese are to be classified as aliens ineligible for citizenship is a huge blow to our pride.
(5) As Japanese residing on the Pacific coast have been deemed ineligible for citizenship, they have been divested of their rights. Consequently, they have lost their livelihood and are on the verge of poverty. The constitutional amendment proposal goes one step further. It will deprive Japanese immigrants’ innocent children of their public and private rights, leaving them without hope and causing their morale to plummet, relegating them to the unenviable status of a wretched minority in the United States.
(6) Since this same constitutional amendment proposal risks provoking antipathy among the Japanese public, and negatively affecting the amicable relationship between our countries, the Imperial government feels compelled to ask the United States government to give careful consideration to this matter.

Secretary Hughes strongly objected to the proposal and sent a letter to Rep. Albert Johnson, which stated emphatically that the restrictions in Johnson’s bill, besides being in conflict with the 1911 Japan-US Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, would offend the Japanese and fail to benefit the US. But on May 5, 1924 the House of Representatives passed the immigration bill on a vote of 308 to 58, the Senate followed suit with a vote of 69 to 9.
Anti-American sentiment reached a boiling point in Japan. Tokyo’s 15 newspapers, having concluded that the anti-Japanese statute was unjust and immoral, issued a joint protest. On May 31, a man in his forties, infuriated at the US, committed seppuku, leaving behind suicide notes urging Americans to reconsider and his compatriots to rise up against injustice.
1924 was also the year when War Plan Orange, a strategy intended for use during a war with Japan, took shape. In spite of the fact that the naval arms race had been curtailed by the Washington Conference, the US formulated an anti-Japanese war plan only two years thereafter. The Japanese had opted for a policy of cooperation at the Washington Conference, but the events of 1924 proved that their expectations were illusory.
URL: https://www.sdh-fact.com/book-article/2157/
PDF: https://www.sdh-fact.com/CL/Road23E.pdf

MOTEKI Hiromichi, Chairman
Society for the Dissemination of Historical Fact